Thespis
(
Θέσπις). The father of Greek Tragedy. He was a
contemporary of Pisistratus, and a native of Icarus, one of the demes in Attica, where the
worship of Dionysus had long prevailed. The alteration made by Thespis , which gave to the old
Tragedy a new and dramatic character, was very simple but very important. Before his time the
leader of the Chorus had recited the adventures of Dionysus and had been answered by the
Chorus. Thespis introduced an actor (
ὑποκριτής, or
“answerer”) to reply to the leader of the Chorus. It is clear that, though
the performance still remained, as far as can be gathered, chiefly lyrical, and the dialogue
was of comparatively small account, yet a decided step towards the drama had been made. Some
modern scholars have credited Horace's statement that Thespis went about in a wagon as a
strolling player (
A. P. 276). It is suggested that the expressions for the
freedom of jesting at the festival of the Lenaea (
τὰ ἐξ ἁμαξῶν, ἐξ
ἁμάξης ὑβρίζειν) may have given rise to the story. See
Tragoedia.